Diet

• The caterpillars of Heraclides feed primarily on plants in the citrus family (Rutaceae).

• Some species also use plants in the pepper family (Piperaceae), and Heraclides thoas has been documented feeding on Piper.

• The larvae generally feed on foliage, with some species showing a preference for young leaves and new growth.

Habitat

• The caterpillars occur in tropical and subtropical forests, woodland, forest edges, secondary vegetation, citrus groves, orchards and gardens where suitable host plants grow.

• Many species are associated with forest margins and regenerating vegetation containing native Rutaceae.

• In the Zihua region, suitable habitat includes tropical dry forest, secondary forest, woodland edges, scrub and cultivated areas containing citrus and native Rutaceae.

Description

• The caterpillars are generally smooth-bodied swallowtail larvae with a distinctive appearance that changes considerably between early and later instars.

• Young larvae commonly resemble bird droppings, with mottled brown, cream and white markings that provide camouflage on foliage.

• Mature larvae of many species become predominantly green, brown or brownish with contrasting cream, yellow or blue markings and may have small raised tubercles along the body.

• When disturbed, the caterpillar can evert a fleshy forked organ called an osmeterium from behind the head. The organ releases defensive chemicals and is often brightly coloured.

• Mature larvae may reach approximately 40–55 mm in length, depending on species.