• Animals (Kingdom Animalia)

• Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

• Hexapods (Subphylum Hexapoda)

• Insects (Class Insecta)

• Winged and Once-winged Insects (Subclass Pterygota)

• Ants, Bees, Wasps, and Sawflies (Order Hymenoptera)

• Narrow-waisted Wasps, Ants, and Bees (Suborder Apocrita)

• Ants, Bees, and Stinging Wasps (Infraorder Aculeata)

• Bees and Apoid Wasps (Superfamily Apoidea)

• Bees (Epifamily Anthophila)

• ​Honey Bees, Bumble Bees, and Allies (Family Apidae)

• Carpenter Bees (Subfamily Xylocopinae)

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Subfamily Xylocopinae is a diverse group of bees within the family Apidae that includes the well-known carpenter bees and several related lineages. Found throughout tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world, members of Xylocopinae range from small, inconspicuous species to some of the largest bees on Earth. Many are characterized by nesting in wood, hollow stems, pithy plant material, or other cavities, where females construct and provision brood cells for their offspring.