Diet

• Primarily flying insects, including beetles, grasshoppers, cicadas, dragonflies, bees, wasps, flies, termites, and moths.

• Also feeds on berries and other small fleshy fruits, particularly during the dry season.

• Hunts from exposed perches, making swift aerial sallies to capture insects before returning to the same perch.

Range

• Endemic to western Mexico, occurring along the Pacific slope from southern Sonora through Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, and western Oaxaca.

• Common in the Zihuatanejo region, where it is a year-round resident.

• Inhabits tropical dry forests, thorn scrub, woodland edges, open woodlands, riparian forests, second-growth, agricultural areas, and scattered trees from sea level to about 2,000 m.

Male Female

• Male: Grey head, olive-grey upperparts, pale grey throat, bright yellow belly, dark brown wings and tail, and a notably large, stout black bill. A concealed orange crown patch may be visible when the crown feathers are raised.

• Female: Nearly identical in plumage but generally slightly smaller with a marginally less robust bill.

• Juveniles: Similar to adults but duller, with buff-edged wing feathers and a less distinct crown patch.

• Sexes cannot be reliably distinguished in the field except by subtle size differences.

Size

• Length: 23–25 cm (9.1–9.8 in)

• Wingspan: 36–40 cm (14.2–15.7 in)

• Weight: 55–75 g (1.9–2.6 oz)