Diet

• Primarily insects, including caterpillars, beetles, flies, wasps, ants, cicadas, leafhoppers, and spiders.

• Also feeds on small berries, figs, and other fleshy fruits, particularly during migration and the non-breeding season.

• Forages deliberately through the middle and upper canopy, gleaning prey from leaves and twigs and occasionally making short aerial sallies.

Range

• Breeds from southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to northern Costa Rica.

• Northern populations migrate to northern South America for the winter, while many Mexican populations, including those in western Mexico, are year-round residents.

• Common in the Zihuatanejo region, where it inhabits tropical dry forests, semi-deciduous forests, riparian woodland, woodland edges, plantations, parks, and gardens.

• Usually found from sea level to about 1,800 m.

Male / Female

• Male: Olive-green upperparts, bright yellow underparts with whitish throat, pale gray crown bordered by darker olive, distinct pale eyebrow (supercilium), and a stout gray bill with a darker tip.

• Female: Nearly identical in plumage but generally slightly duller and smaller.

• Juveniles: Similar to adults but with softer plumage, buffier wing edges, and less distinct head markings.

• Sexes cannot be reliably distinguished in the field, as plumage differences are minimal.

Size

• Length: 14–16 cm (5.5–6.3 in)

• Wingspan: 22–25 cm (8.7–9.8 in)

• Weight: 18–26 g (0.6–0.9 oz)